Types And Types Of Diabetes Essay - 1796 Words

Types of Diabetes Type 1 diabetes: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes : Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the insulin receptor. Gestational diabetes: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. Other forms of diabetes mellitus: †¢ Congenital diabetes which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes. †¢ Pre-diabetes indicates a condition that occurs when a person s blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body s tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes In this condition the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta cells of theShow MoreRelatedTypes And Types Of Diabetes1293 Words   |  6 Pagestimes a day. Diabetes which is also called diabetes mellitus deals with how the body processes the sugar in the blood. We are going to be talking about the most common types of diabetes; Type 2, Type 1, Prediabetes and Gestational diabetes. We will be discussing Type 2 and Type 1 diabetes in this paper. Type 1 diabetes is due to the body not producing enough insulin (Type 1 Diabetes). Type 1 is also called juvenile diabetes. Most juveniles and young adults are diagnosed with Type 1. When eatingRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic disease that is present around the world. Type 2 diabetes is generally chaacterised by decrease in B cell mass function and decrease in the sensitivity of insulin in the peripheral tissues. Beta cell dysfunctioning decrease the release of amylin and insulin in response to increased blood glucose levels and this is thought to be affected by misfolded amylin proteins where the cytotoxicity from amylin oligomers affects the function of isletRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes927 Words   |  4 Pagesglucose to all parts of our bodies for us to use as energy. â€Å"Type one and Type two diabetes mellitus are two separate and distinct pathophysiological entities.† Lippincott, 2010 page 286 .There are two main types of Diabetes. The third type is gestational diabetes. The first type is Diabetes type one. â€Å"Type one (formerly known as type one; insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes.)† Lippincott, 2012 page1294 Type one cannot be prevented. There are only treatment options onRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes1464 Words   |  6 Pages Each year 1.7 million people are diagnosed with diabetes. With type 1 diabetes the body does not produce insulin, and only 5% of people with diabetes have this form. Although type 1 diabetes is a very serious disease, it can be managed with proper diet, medical care, and aggressive treatment. There are several different causes of Type 1 Diabetes. According to resources, they say the exact cause in Type 1 diabetes is unknown. Possibly that is the immune system which fights bad bacteria or virusesRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes1939 Words   |  8 Pages Type 1 Diabetes Matthew Hernandez Grand Canyon University: BIO-483 December 4, 2013 Type 1 Diabetes In todays society people who are diagnosed with diabetes are either directly or indirectly dealing with the situation day by day. Although there are two different types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes is more fatal to the human body in comparison with type 2. In 2009 there were approximately 18,436 youths that were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes according toRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes2146 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to create or use enough insulin to maintain a healthy blood glucose level. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells and be converted into energy. If diabetes is left uncontrolled, glucose and fats will remain in the blood and, over time, can damage vital organs, including the heart, kidneys, and eyes (CDC, 2011). There are several types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 10% of all cases. It is usually diagnosed inRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes2239 Words   |  9 Pages1. Type 1 vs. Type 2 †¢ Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, symptoms usually start at a young age, and episodes of low blood sugar are common. In addition to this, when a person has type 1 diabetes, their body destroys the cells that release insulin, so the cells in the body cannot absorb the sugar they need for energy. Type 1 diabetes is most common in Caucasian people. †¢ Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with a healthy lifestyle, episodes of low blood sugar are rare, and the person may not haveRead MoreTypes Of Type II Diabetes1308 Words   |  6 PagesType II Diabetes Numerous individuals in today’s society are unaware that they might be living with an unknown disease. One of the most serious diseases and most common illness amongst people, and in most cases usually gets misconstrued in our country is, type II diabetes. Statistics show in 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2011). Then again, it is due to countless individuals being noninsulin-dependent and it starts with adultRead MoreTypes Of Type II Diabetes3066 Words   |  13 PagesType II Diabetes is a disease that is mostly manageable, despite the recent surge in diagnoses. Type II diabetes is generally a controllable and preventable condition, but in the case of extreme obesity, is difficult to manage. The connection between extreme obesity and the inevitable insulin resistance of the body is widely known throughout the population. The problem is real and it is thoroughly documented by research institutions a round the world. Type II Diabetes develops when insulin secretionRead MoreTypes And Types Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1496 Words   |  6 PagesType 2 diabetes mellitus comprises of a collection of various dysfunctions that are characterized by presence of hyperglycemia as well as being occasioned from the combination of insulin action resistance, inappropriate or excessive secretion of glucagon, and insufficient secretion of insulin. With Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the body is either resistant to the effects of insulin, which is a hormone that is responsible for regulation of the movement of sugar into the body cells, or the body does not

Kinetic Free Essays

We can use many of Technique or methods for separating of compounds or mixtures .and we can by those methods studying of kinetic for reactions ,determine of reaction rate and reaction order . some of those methods are : mass spectrometric , spectrometric and Chromatographic Methods . We will write a custom essay sample on Kinetic or any similar topic only for you Order Now But in this paper I just talk about chromatographic method . exactly, gas chromatography . Chromatography:Few methods of chemical analysis are truly specific to a particular analyte. It is often found that the analyte of interest must be separated from the myriad of individual compounds that may be present in a sample. As well as providing the analytical scientist with methods of separation, chromatographic techniques can also provide methods of analysis . Chromatography involves a sample (or sample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, a liquid or a supercritical fluid). The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary phase. The phases are chosen such that components of the sample have differing solubility in each phase. A component which is quite soluble in the stationary phase will take longer to travel through it than a component which isn’t very soluble in the stationary phase but very soluble in the mobile phase. As a result of these differences in mobilities , sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary phase. Gas chromatography methods that are used for studying first-order reaction kinetics by gas chromatography : (1) classical kinetic methods where samples of batch-wise kinetic studies are analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography, (2) stopped-flow methods performed on one chiral column, (3) stopped-flow methods performed on an achiral column or empty capillary coupled in series with two chiral columns, (4) on-flow method performed on an achiral column coupled in series with two chiral columns, and (5) reaction gas chromatography, known as a dynamic gas chromatography. The following procedures have been developed to determination peak areas of reaction constituents in such complex chromatograms: (i) methods based on computer-assisted simulations of chromatograms where the kinetic activation parameters for the interconversion of enantiomers are obtained by iterative comparison of experimental and simulated chromatograms, (ii) stochastic methods based on the simulation of Gaussian distribution functions and using a time-dependent probability density function, (iii) approximation function and unified equation, (iv) computer-assisted peak deconvolution methods. Fast reaction :Reaction between metal carbonate and acid.- Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid :CaCO3 + 2HCl -; CaCl2 + H2O + CO2Reaction between reactive metal and water .-reaction between lithium and water :2Li + 2H2O -; 2LiOH + H2Combustion .-combustion of magnesium in oxygen .2Mg + O2 -; 2MgOPrecipitation (double decomposition )-precipitation of silver (I) chloride :AgNO3 + HCl -; AgCl + HNO3 Rate :The rate can be measured using apparatus on the rightrate of reaction = d[CaCl2] / t ,or d[CO2] / t or d[H2O] the rate can be decrease or increase with change of temperature , concentration , pressure , surface area or size of molecules .concentration : when the concentration is decrease the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10 . But we decrease of concentration of calcium carbonate to 2 .rate = -d[2] / 10 .pressure and temperature : also when decrease the pressure or temperature the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10s . but the time is increase to 20s , because the pressure decrease to 0.5 and temperature decrease to 15 , so the rate = -d [3] / 20s . In a chemical reaction the reactant decrease over time and product increase over time . The rate will decrease over time as the hydrochloric acid is used up (its concentration decreases)The graph in after page shows the volume of gas produced over time in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 .All three reactions result in the same amount of CO2 gas being produced; however the higher the concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of reaction, thus the less time it takes for the reaction to be complete . The table below shows the time taken to produce 50cm3Â  of CO2Â  for each concentration of HCl :Rate of reaction / cm3 of CO2 s-1 Time take to produce 50 cm3 of CO2/1s Concentration of HCl /mold m-30.86 58 2.00.42 120 2.00,21 235 0.5 From the results in the table above, it can be worked out that the rate of reaction is directionally proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid, so if you halve the concentration of HCl will be halved, if you quarter the concentration, the rate will be quartered . rate = k [HCl]1 Order :The order of a reaction is not necessarily an integer. The following orders are possible :Zero: A zero order indicates that the concentration of that species does not affect the rate of a reaction .Negative integer: A negative order indicates that the concentration of that species INVERSELY affects the rate of a reaction .Positive integer: A positive order indicates that the concentration of that species DIRECTLY affects the rate of a reaction . Non-Integer: Non-integer orders, both positive and negative, represent more intricate relationships between concentrations and rate in more complex reactions.So, in The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is said to be first order with respect to hydrochloric acid .This is because the rate depends upon the concentration of hydrochloric acid to the power one . Technique :we can measure of rate of carbon dioxide by gas chromatography , gas chromatography can separating of compound by boiling point , and you can analyze results on your computer and measuring of rate of CO2 .and you can determine of rate by flow reaction that may be is easer method . How to cite Kinetic, Papers

Task B free essay sample

’The Relationship Between Critical Thinking and Confidence in Decision Making’ for new graduate nurses. The authors aim to prove that no correlation exists between higher order reasoning of new graduates and their ability to make sound clinical choices in relation to patient management. Critical thinking in the nursing field is defined as decision making based on the analysis of clinical problems through reflection and reasoning to ensure optimum patient outcomes. US and UK studies found no link between critical thinking and clinical decision making while Korean research identifies a positive correlation. Underlying the significance of Hoffman and Elwin’s study is the lack of evidence supporting a link between the two. The hypothesis states no relationship exists between confidence in decision making and critical thinking for graduate nurses. The sample population comprised 83 graduates from 11 universities across metropolitan and regional NSW, Australia. Using correlation design over twelve months, responses from two groups were collected using the 80 question Watson amp; Glaser Critical thinking assessment tool (WGCTA), a ‘Confidence in decision making scale, 0-5 range, and demographic questionnaires. Data was collected and analysed using SPSS spreadsheet and database respectively. Results demonstrate a weak negative correlation between critical thinking and decision making for new nursing graduates. As scores for critical thinking increased a reduction in confident decision making was observed. Therefore graduates can be grouped as those who think too critically and those who think less critically. The first group of individuals may reach accurate clinical conclusions but time taken may adversely affect patient outcomes. Conversely, a graduate who thinks less critically may be overconfident taking less time to consider clinical variables, ultimately placing patients at risk. The hypothesis is therefore rejected. Recommendations are made to encourage a future clinical environment supportive of practitioners who question decision making. Firstly, a need exists for postgraduate training opportunities which reinforce the study findings. Secondly, research addressing the shortfalls of sampling design in this particular study should be conducted. Criteria | Evaluation | Author Credentials amp; Bias| Strength: Analysis of Hoffman amp; Elwins paper shows the authors are well positioned to research and report on the link between critical thinking and decision making in the nursing field. Both parties’ posses their masters degree in nursing and are registered for practice with Hoffman holding an additional Bsc. In addition to academic qualifications both parties are employed as nursing educators. Weakness: Bias may exist in the authors findings. As both Hoffman and Elwin are nursing professionals and educators the papers scope amp; objectivity can be questioned. Recommendations for future training and research may be seen as self-serving. The inclusion of a third party professional from outside the nursing field may provide a complimentary perspective. | Accuracy and Consistency of Data| Strength: Data has been gathered using recognised reporting tools that are based on established criterion. The use of these tools may encourage future researchers to employ the same methods to promote accuracy and consistency when comparing existing data with that collected during future research. Weakness: The accuracy and consistency of data within the research paper can be questioned. Variations in reported sample size exist in the report and will lead readers to doubt the validity of additional data. | Data Collection/Analysis| Strength: The set of instruments used in data collection can be considered sound. The combination of graduate background information and recognised tools such as the WGCTA and ‘Confidence in decision making scale’ allows for consistency in comparison with previous research findings. Correlations found in the data can therefore be considered significant. Weakness: As the authors acknowledge the use of a ‘convenience sample’, the reader should conclude that study results are generalised and not representative of regional, state, or national populations. Increased sample size, equal number of rural and metropolitan graduates, and more detail on individual’s age, gender, and learning institution would increase data credibility. Graduate IQ or GPA may also play a role in critical thinking and/or decision making and be included as an additional variable. | Analysis Methods and Relevance of Data| Strength: The author’s reference list cites 16 papers from various countries around the world. This indicates that widespread and applicable investigation into the relationship between critical thinking and decision making in graduate nurses has been conducted. Methods of analysis such as he WCGTA and ‘Confidence in Decision-making Scale’ employed in earlier research allows for comparison of findings. Weakness: Despite the relevance of resources and suitability of analysis tools, some may be considered out of date. Although studies cited in the literature review are as recent as 2000, Watson amp; Glasers’ critic al thinking appraisal tool dates to 1980. In addition Rhodes’ work from 1985 gave rise to the ‘Confidence in Decision-making Scale’. The use of these tools in an environment as dynamic and ever changing as nursing could suggest lack of research on behalf of the authors, or a desire to reach preferred conclusions. Sample Size| Strength: The small sample size of 83 graduates participating in the twelve month study allows for close communication between researcher and subject. This may result in improved data quality highlighting local trends and issues specific to the region. It should also be noted that participants contributed to the study over the twelve month period as there is no mention of withdrawal. Weakness: The use of a ‘convenience sample’ comprising such small numbers cannot be considered representative of target populations at regional, state, or national levels. An increase in the number of participants to represent a greater proportion of the local graduate population would improve both integrity and usability of study findings. | Criteria| Evaluative comments| 1. What difficulties did you encounter completing this task? | Initial comprehension of the paper was difficult and time consuming but central to the task. When evaluating the paper many of my selected criteria specifically sample size, data collection, and data analysis contained elements which overlapped. This made it difficult to stay on track. | 2. What did you find challenging, but interesting about this task? | Separating the content from the exercise itself. I’m really not interested in details relating to the nursing profession but skilled summarising and critical thinking/evaluation are academic fundamentals. | 3. Why would TPP 101 have set this type of a task? What are the learning outcomes of this task? (See your course outline). | To establish academic skills that can be built on. Skills developed here will assist in completing Task 2. Learning outcomes for participants are to understand, think, learn, communicate, and value. 4. How will you be able to use the skills formed in this task in your future studies? | These skills will be applied not only to Task 2, but to most if not all future assessment pieces. Active critical thinking/assessment outside of university is also of value. | 5. Define three new words that were new to you in this journal article. | 1. Meta-Cognitive – awareness and understanding o f one’s own thought processes. 2. Negative Correlation – as the values for one variable inrease, the values of the second variable decreases. 3.? |