Extraction and Characterization of a Three Known Component Mixture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1320 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? To identify each recovered fraction purity and identify FTIR spectroscopy was collected, TLC was conducted, and MP for benzoic acid was concluded. TLC was used to determine the purity of each component using an ideal eluent system that most efficiently separates every compound on a TLC plate. To determine the idea eluent five different mixtures of hexane and ethyl acetate were tested with pure samples of O-toluidine, Benzoic acid, and Anisole, and a mixture of each three pure compounds on the TLC plate to compare and conclude which eluent system separated the three components from the mixture most efficiently. This was determined by comparing the spots in each lane of a TLC plate for each eluent. Table 2: Ideal Eluent System shows how the ideal eluent system was chosen using only the Mixture to compare each eluent system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Extraction and Characterization of a Three Known Component Mixture" essay for you Create order Table 2: Ideal Eluent System Eluent System Compounds of Mixture Distance compound traveled (cm-1) Deviation 100% Ethyl Acetate Anisole, Benzoic acid, O-toluidine 3.2, 2.7, 3.0 0.3 1:3 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane Anisole, Benzoic acid, O-toluidine 0.7, 1.5, 3.1 0.8 1:1 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane Anisole, Benzoic acid, O-toluidine 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 0.5 3:1 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane Anisole, Benzoic acid, O-toluidine 0, 0.4, 3.0 0.6 100% Hexane Anisole, Benzoic acid, O-toluidine 1.5, 2.6, 3.2 0.6 After analysis, it is clear that the ideal eluent system is 1:1 ratio of Hexane and ethyl acetate as the deviation between the distance each mixture moved was exactly 0.5 every time which is the most constant deviation compared to the other eluent systems. This ideal eluent was then used to analyze the extraction samples by conducting the same experiment only with the extracted fraction compounds. Retention factor (Rf) values of each TLC plate were then calculated. A compound with low polarity will have a larger Rf value than a polar compound when compared. Thus, Rf values can be used to identify a compound and its purity by comparing an unknown compound (extraction factions) to the known pure compounds. If the Rf values are the same, the two compounds are most likely the same. Rf values were determined by subtracting the distance (cm) traveled by the sample by the distance (cm) traveled by the eluent. Table 3: Rf values of Ideal Eluent TLC Plate shows the Rf values of the extracted fraction TLC Plates. After analysis, it is clear that the ideal eluent system is 1:1 ratio of Hexane and ethyl acetate as the deviation between the distance each mixture moved was exactly 0.5 every time which is the most constant deviation compared to the other eluent systems. This ideal eluent was then used to analyze the extraction samples by conducting the same experiment only with the extracted fraction compounds. Table 3: Rf values of Ideal Eluent TLC Plate Eluent System Compound Distance Traveled (cm) Rf Value 1:1 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane Eluent Pure Anisole Pure Benzoic acid Pure O-toluidine 3.5 1.5 1.3 2.0 N/A 0.43 0.37 0.57 1:1 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane Eluent Anisole Fraction Benzoic acid Fraction O-toluidine Fraction 3.2 1.5 1.7 1.7 N/A 0.47 0.53 0.53 Based off of Rf values it is clear that the 1:1 ratio of Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane efficiently separated every three compounds from the mixture as the Rf values of the pure samples compare relatively closely to the Rf values of the fractions. FTIR spectrums of each isolated compound from the Acid-Base were then collected and analyzed, and the major non-fingerprint peaks in each fraction are listed in Table 4: FTIR Fingerprint Peaks to determine the purity of each extraction fraction. Table 4: FTIR Fingerprint Peaks. Compound FTIR Band (cm-1) Anisole Fraction 2931.97, 2862.49 sp3-sp3 C-H stretch 1634.00sp3-sp3 N-H 1498.20 sp2-sp2 C-C aromatic 1311.42 sp3-sp3 C-O stretch Benzoic acid Fraction 3067.77, 2935.13, 2862.49 sp2-sp3 C-H stretch 1965.60, 1915.07 sp2-sp2 C=O stretch 1675.06, 1602.42, 1586.63 sp2-sp2 C=C stretch (in-ring) O-toluidine Fraction 3462.53, 3358.31, 1618.21 sp3-sp3 N-H stretch 3020.40, 2928.81, 2862.49 sp3-sp3 C-H stretch 1583.47 sp2-sp2 C=C stretch By comparing the FTIR band values of the extracted fractions to correlated structures, the identity of each fraction and its relative purity was concluded. Anisole Fraction was partially pure with signals of O-toluidine as an sp3-sp3 N-H band at 1634.00 cm-1 was present on the FTIR. For Benzoic acid and O-toluidine fractions, the purity level was very high as each specific FTIR band correlated to the structure of the compound. Benzoic acid has a specific sp2-sp2 C=O stretch band at 1965.60 cm -1 and 1915.07 cm-1 present, and O-toluidine had three sp3-sp3 N-H stretches present at 1618.21 cm-1, 3462.53 cm-1, and 3358.31cm-1. Acid-Base Extraction resulted in the isolation of each three components, however with low % recovery; % recovery for O-toluidine was 0.57%, for Benzoic acid 1.17%, and for Anisole .95%. On the other hand, purification of each component after analyze of each FTIR Spectrums concludes that each component is highly pure as each FTIR Spectrum has the specific bands correlating to each specific compound and the melting point range of the recovered Benzoic Acid was concluded to be 123.3-126.0 ? °C which is approximately 2 degrees from the literature value of 122.0 ? °C. Conclusion Overall Acid-Base extraction as a means of separating and purifying organic compounds was successful at separating each three components with purity as each specific FTIR band correlated to the structure of the compound. Benzoic acid has a specific sp2-sp2 C=O stretch band at 1965.60 cm -1 and 1915.07 cm-1 present, and O-toluidine had three sp3-sp3 N-H stretches present at 1618.21 cm-1, 3462.53 cm-1, and 3358.31cm-1. Also, Acid-Base extraction was not an efficient system to obtain a high % recovery. Overall % recovery was significantly low for all three components. Benzoic acid had the highest % recovery (1.17%) and O-toluidine had the lowest % recovery (0.57%). Future goals to test the % recoveries of Acid-Base extraction could involve using a mixture of 1:1:1 ratio of O-toluidine, Benzoic Acid, and Anisole and using a 1:1 ratio of stronger acids and bases when converting the Bronsted- Lowry Acid and Base to their conjugate bases and acids. Experimental All reactants were reagent grade and provided by the University of Colorado Denver Chemistry Department. FTIR spectra were obtained with a Nicolet iS5 ATR FTIR spectrometer, and all measurements were in cm-1. Isolation of o-toluidine: Methylene chloride (10 mL) was added to a stock solution (10 mL, Anisole, Benzoic acid, O-toluidine). The organic solution was extracted with 3 M hydrochloric acid (3 x 20ml). The aqueous layers were combined and adjusted to 12 pH with 10 M sodium hydroxide (10 mL). The neutralized aqueous solution was extracted with dichloromethane (3x). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate then collected via gravity filtration. The resultant organic solution was condensed in a tared scintillation vial in a hot water bath yielding reddish/yellowish oil, 0.856g (8.56 mmol, 0.57 %); FTIR (cm-1): 2931.97, 2862.49, 1498.20, 1311.42. Note thin layer chromatography plates developed in 1:1 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane system. Isolation of Benzoic acid: 5% sodium hydroxide 15 mL was added to the remaining stock solution. The organic solution was 22 ? °C with 6 M hydrochloric acid, five mL. The aqueous solution was allowed to cool in an ice bath until no more precipitation formed. The aqueous layer was collected via vacuum filtration. The resultant aqueous solution was collected in a tared a scintillation vial yielding white precipitate, 0.106g (1.06 mmol, 1.17 %); 123.30-126.0 ? °C (122 ? °C); 3067.77, 2935.13, 2862.49, 1965.60, 1915.07, 1675.06, 1602.42, 1586.63. Isolation of anisole: Methylene chloride (5 mL) was added to the organic layer from the previous extraction. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and then collected via gravity filtration. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate then collected via gravity filtration. The resultant organic solution was placed in a tared scintillation vial in a hot water bath yielding reddish pinkish oil, .901 g (9.01 mmol, 0.95%). FTIR (cm-1): 3462.53, 3358.31, 1618.21, 3020.40, 2928.81, 2862.49, 1583.47. Note thin layer chromatography plates developed in 1:1 Ethyl Acetate/ Hexane system. References 1. Padias, Anne. Making the Connections a How to Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. Hayden McNeil Publishing. 2007. P 119. 2. Interpretation of Experimental Data. Web. 19 Oct. 2018 https://chemistry.syr.edu/totah/che276/support/6a1.handouts/4.datainterp.pdf 3. Thin Layer Chromatography. Web. 19 Oct. 2018 https://academics.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem211lab/Orgo_Lab_Manual/Appendix/Techniques/TLC/thin_layer_chrom.html 4. Clark, Jim. Thin Layer Chromatography. June 2016. Web. 19 Oct. 2018 https://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/chromatography/thinlayer.html 5. Experiment 2 Thin Layer Chromatography. P 2. Web. 19 Oct. 2018 https://webpages.uidaho.edu/chem276/files/2%20-%20Thin%20Layer%20Chromatography.pdf 6. Mohrig, Jerry, Christina Noring Hammond, Paul F Schatz. Techniques in Organic Chemistry. W.H. Freeman Company, United States, 2009. 1st ed., pp. 151-162.

An Examination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian...

An Examination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† In Victorian society, the conventional norms of status, gender roles, and marriage were closely linked by an institution that men and women were placed with unrealistic demands and expectations from society. Women were brought up by their parents to become the perfect housewife, and men were forced into marriages based on status within the society. In Oscar Wilde’s play, â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest,† he mocks the typical Victorian conventions and ideals of what society held on the individual. I will be examining the techniques Wilde uses, such as satire, symbolism, and farcical situations, and showing how he takes those Victorian†¦show more content†¦He is saying that all Victorian husbands practice Bunburying, and if they do not, they will not live in bliss with their wife. He also states that, â€Å"Divorce is made in heaven† (Wilde 1735), inversing the normal idea that marriage is made in heaven. According to Petrie, â€Å"The men’s expectations pressured women to be the ideal Victorian woman society expected them to be† (Petrie 180). This is true for the typical Victorian ideal, but in â€Å"The Importance Importance of Being Earnest† Wilde reverses this idea, having the men get pressured by the expectation of the women. This is shown exceptionally true when both Jack and Algernon are at Shropshire and they are planning on getting re-christened in order to change their name to Ernest, as stated by Jack â€Å"I have just made arrangements with Dr. Chasuble to be christened at a quarter to six†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wilde 1766) and Algernon â€Å"I made arrangements to be christened at 5:30† (Wilde 1766). When Jack first finds out about Gwendolyn’s obsession over the name Ernest, and asks if she could love him if his name was Jack, she harshly responds â€Å"Jack? No, there is very little music in the name Jack, if any at all, indeed. It does not t hrill. It produces absolutely no vibrations†¦ I have known several Jacks, and they all, without exception, were plain† (Wilde 1742). This goes against the ideal that the

Guidelines for a Reflective Paper Free Essays

In reality, it Is a lifestyle of Its own – something some people view as Hellenizing and patriotic while some view as terrifying and unacceptable. Some people are incredibly proud of a family member having served or have given his/her life to service; while some feel remorseful for having lost a loved one in war. However you look at it, military service is like a pendulum. We will write a custom essay sample on Guidelines for a Reflective Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It goes back and forth; left and right; liked or disliked; loved and hated; patriotic or horrific. To get to the point, every member of a military family is affected by the demands of the military; husband, wife, children, and even extended families such as grandparents, uncles and aunts. Additionally, every aspect of life Is also affected by the military -? marriage, schooling, religious practices, cultural, moral, social, and economic. Perhaps, the children represent a great percentage of the affected population. They are the silent majority – since they can’t protest and need to get along with the flow of the rigid military life. My Life Before Who really knows what life Is Like for the children In the military? How do they cope with the separations due to deployments, changes In schools, leaving their friends Enid, starting a new social circle someplace In the world, divorce, culture shocks, language barriers, and career choices? No one would know better but a child who grew up wrapped around the military tight grip. I was one of these children. We are referred to as military brats; a moniker I am not really crazy about. But the military was my life for _ years. I learned to love it and hate it. I learned to appreciate it and loathe It. Learned to live It. And I found out that kids on the other side of the world (non-military) have Just as much If not more reasons to love and hate their life. I am not going to draw comparisons and contrasts between the two sectors but I would like to focus on how the military life has affected me as a person that I am now. How did it influence my philosophy in life? What did I experience out there that helped me mold my character? How did the military drive my energy and resources (in spite of Its straining demands) so I could look at the positives and build on them? How to cite Guidelines for a Reflective Paper, Essays